Exhibition catalogue from 3×3: Flavin, Andre, Judd at the Belkin (3 October-30 November 2003). Organized and curated by Diana Nemiroff, National Gallery of Canada, the exhibition pulls sculptures, prints, drawings and archival work from the collection of the National Gallery by Carl Andre, Dan Flavin and Donald Judd. Their minimal sculptures of the 1960s were radically different from anything that had been seen before. The simple, reduced, often factory-made forms outraged audiences that demanded explanations and justifications from the artists during heated, intellectual debates. The polemics of the 1960s were essential to the invention of Minimalism itself and subsequently, to the way artists, curators and scholars think and write about art. The use of manufactured objects, modular compositions and the careful consideration of the architectural space in which the work of art is to be situated, have had a significant impact on contemporary artistic practice.